Hominid Stamps:The Philatelic Medium as a Tool Contributing to Nationalism

Document Type : Research Article

Author

Department of Archaeology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

While depiction of iconic archaeological finds or monuments of archaeological, historical, cultural or natural significance on postage stamps printed by many countries around the globe to promote nationalist sentiments as means of creating or promoting national cohesion, especially in ethnically diverse countries, is by no means unusual, the question posed in this paper, with specific focus on paleoanthropological finds, is that how far back in time this practice can be traced, and how images of hominid fossils from hundreds of thousands, sometime millions
of years ago, can be of contribution to promoting nationalism in various countries. Using semiotics of how stamps function to convey meaning, it has been explored how images of hominids on stamps contribute to a broad program of building a national identity and strengthening nationalism in different countries around the globe.

Keywords


Anderson, B. 1996. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Revised  Edition, London: Verso. 
Atkinson, J. A.; I. Banks & J. O'Sullivan, eds. 1996.Nationalism and Archaeology: Scottish  Archaeological Forum. Glasgow: Cruithne Press.
Blinderman, C. 1986. The Piltdown Inquest. New YorkPrometheus Books.
Breuilly, J. 1993. Nationalism and the State. Manchester:  Manchester University Press.
Brown, D. 2000. Contemporary Nationalism: Civic, Ethnocultural and Multicultural Politics. London and New York: Routledge.
Bushnell, D. 1982. Postal Images of Argentine Proceres: Selective Myth-Making. Studies in Latin American Popular Culture 1: 91-105.
Child, J. 2005. The Politics and Semiotics of the Smallest Icons of Popular Culture: Latin American Postage Stamps, Latin American Research Review 40/1: 108-125.
Child, J. 2008. Miniature Messages. The Semiotics and Politics of Latin American Postage Stamps. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Covington, K. & S. D. Braun. 2006. Celebrating a Nation’s Heritage on Music Stamps: Constructing an International Community, GeoJournal 65: 125-135.
De la Torre, M. & R. Mason. 2002. Assessing the Values of Cultural Heritage, Research Report 3-4.
Díaz-Andreu & T. Champion, eds. 1996. Nationalism and Archaeology in Europe. London: Routledge.
Ford, C.C. 1993. Creating the Nation in Provincial France: Religion and Political Identity in Brittany. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Geary, P. J. 2002. The Myth of Nations: The Medieval Origins of Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Gellner, E. 1997. Nationalism. New York: New York University Press.
Graves-Brown, P.; S. Jones & C. Gamble, eds. 2012. Cultural Identity and Archaeology: The Construction of European Communities, New York: Routledge.
Gounaris, B.C. 2003. The politics of Currency: Stamps, Coins, Banknotes, and the Circulation of Modern Greek Tradition, In The Usable Past: Greek Metahistories, K. S. Brown and Y. Hamilakis, eds. Pp. 69-84. Lanham MD: Lexington Books.
Hallote, R.S. & A. H. Joffe. 2002. The Politics of Israeli Archaeology: Between 'Nationalism' and 'Science' in the Age of the Second Republic, Israel Studies 7/3: 84-116.
Hassan, F. 1998. Memorabilia. Archaeological materiality and national identity in Egypt, In Archaeology under Fire. Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, ed. Lynn Meskell, pp. 200-216. London: Routledge.
Hastings, A. 1997. The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Hobsbawm, E. J. 2012. Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, Second Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ikawa-Smith, F. 1999, Construction of National Identity and Origins in East Asia: A Comparative Perspective, Antiquity 73/281: 626-629.
Johanson, D. & M. Edey. 1981. Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind. New York: Simon & Schuster. 
Johanson, D. & J. Shreeve. 1989. Lucy's Child: The Discovery of a Human Ancestor. London: Viking.
Johanson, D. & B. Edgar. 1996. From Lucy to Language. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Johanson, D. & K. Wong. 2009. Lucy's Legacy: The Quest for Human Origins. New York: Harmony Books. 
Jones, R. A. 2001. Heroes of the Nation? The Celebration of Scientists on the Postage Stamps of Great Britain, France and West Germany, Journal of Contemporary History 36/3:403-422.
Kohl, P. L., 1998. Nationalism and Archaeology: On the Constructions of Nations and the Reconstructions of the Remote Past, Annual Review of Anthropology 27:223-246.
Kohl, P.L. & C. Fawcett, eds. 1995. Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leibold, J. 2006. Competing Narratives of Racial Unity in Republican China: From the Yellow Emperor to Peking Man, Modern China 32/2: 181-220.
Meskell, L. ed. 1998. Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. London: Routledge.
Meskell, L. 2002. Negative Heritage and Past Mastering in Archaeology. Anthropological Quarterly 75/3: 557-574.
Nitecki, D.V. & M. H. Nitecki, eds. 1994. Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans, New York: Plenum.
Nuessel, F. 1992. Territorial and Boundary Disputes Depicted in Postage Stamps, Studies in Latin American Popular Culture 11: 121-141.
Raento, P. & S. D. Brunn. 2005. Visualizing Finland: Postage Stamps as Political Messengers, Geografiska Annaler 87/2: 145-163.
Rusell, M. 2012. Piltdown Man Hoax: Case Closed. Cheltenham: The History Press.
Morell, V. 1995. Ancestral Passions: The Leakey Family and the Quest for Humankind's Beginnings, New York: Simon & Schuster.
Muro, D. 2008. Ethnicity and Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism, New York: Routledge.
Nagel, J. 1994. Constructing Ethnicity: Creating and Recreating Ethnic Identity and Culture, Social Problems 41/1: 152-176.
Parker, S. T. & K. E. Jaffe. 2008. Darwin's Legacy: Scenarios in Human Evolution, Lanham: AltaMira Press.
Peirce, C. S. 1991. Peirce on Signs: Writings on Semiotic, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 
Reid, D. 1984. The Symbolism of Postage Stamps: A Source for the Historian, Journal of Contemporary History 19/2: 223-249.
Sautman, B. 2001. Peking Man and the Politics of Paleoanthropological Nationalism in China, The Journal of Asian Studies 60/1: 95-124.
Schmalzer, S. 2009. The People's Peking Man: Popular Science and Human Identity in Twentieth-Century China. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tilly, C. 1995. Citizenship, Identity and Social History,International Review of Social History 40/3: 1-17.
Trigger, B. G. 1980. Alternative Archaeologies: Nationalist, Colonialist, Imperialist, Man 19/3: 355-370.
Roudometof, V. 2002. Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Westport CT: Praeger Publishers. 
Villalobos Acosta, C. 2011. Nationalism and Tourism in Post-Revolutionary Mexican Coins, Notes, Stamps and Guidebooks. PhD thesis. Durham: Durham University.
Wang, C. 2016. The Stamp of Identities: Negotiating Diasporic Chinese Subjectivity in Philatelic Spaces, Modern Languages Open.
Wodak, R.; R. deCilia; M. Reisigl & K. Liebhart. 1999. Discursive Construction of National Identity. Second Edition, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
WorldwidePhilatelic Resources: 2022. http://www.paleophilatelie.eu/links_postal_resources.html
Yunquan, L. 2002-3. The Differentiation of Civilization and Barbarism between Chinese and Foreign Culture and Sinocentrism, Journal of Shandong Teachers' University 3: 21-46. 
Worldwide Philatelic Resources: philatelic bureaus,  stamp issue plans/programs and catalogs.